ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate the protective effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF) on neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD)and its effect on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.@*Methods@#According to the random number table, a total of 54 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged 7 days were divided into 3 groups(18 rats in each group): Sham group, HIBD group and G-CSF group, and the improved Rice method was used to establish a neonatal rat model of HIBD.A dose of 50 μg/kg of G-CSF was administered intraperitoneally 1 hour after HIBD (G-CSF group), while the rats in HIBD group and Sham group received saline only.At 24 hours of HIBD, pups were euthanized to quantify brain infarct volume by using 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride.Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the changes of brain structure.Neuronal cell death was determined by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Then the expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12 (Caspase-12), CCAAT/enhancer binding-protein homologous protein (CHOP) were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.@*Results@#Twenty-four hours after operation, HE staining showed that no significant neuronal damage was observed in Sham group.The brain tissue structure of rats in the HIBD group was significantly damaged, while some improvement was observed in the G-CSF group.The infarction volume in HIBD group[(25.40±5.15)%] increased compared with that in the Sham group[(0.31±0.15)%] and the G-CSF group[(16.36±4.97)%], and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). There was increased positive expression of GRP78 protein in HIBD group, compared with that in the Sham group and the G-CSF group[(49.38±10.06)% vs.(9.12±4.50)%, (30.61±6.35)%], and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The percentage of apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region and conex in HIBD group [(44.84±11.54)%, (48.23±14.07)%] were higher than those in the G-CSF group [(17.87±7.20)%, (26.18±9.96)%], and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The expression of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-12 in the HIBD group (0.63±0.24, 0.72±0.21, 0.68±0.25) were higher than those in the Sham group (0.20±0.08, 0.28±0.08, 0.23±0.07), and the G-CSF group (0.39±0.13, 0.51±0.18, 0.48±0.16), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#G-CSF exerts neuroprotective effect on the neonatal rats after HIBD.G-CSF may be an effective treatment of HIBD by reducing ER stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the clinical features of nested variant of bladder urothelial carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 13 patients with nested variant of bladder urothelial carcinoma treated in our hospital from July 2014 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 10 males and 3 females and the mean age was 64.6(37-81) years.All 13 cases had symptom of hematuria,3 cases with anemia,1 cases with urinary frequency,urgency and dysuria,1 case with all the above symptoms.Six cases underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT),7 cases underwent radical cystectomy.Results All 13 cases had nested structures in pathology.Six cases did immunohistochemistry but none of them were specific.Twelve cases were high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma,of which 2 cases were associated with carcinoma in situ,and 1 case was low-grade invasive.Two patients' pathological stages were ≤T1,4 patients in T2 phase,and 7 patients in T3-4 phase.Four patients who underwent TURBT received intravesical instillation chemotherapy,and 3 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and 1 patient with TURBT received intravenous chemotherapy.One patient with TURBT received both intravesical chemotherapy and intravenous chemotherapy.The remaining 4 patients who underwent radical cystectomy did not receive special treatment.The progression-free survival time of 13 patients was 2-39 months,of which 2 patients relapsed,1 patient metastasized,1 patient with tumor progression,and 2 patients with non-tumor specific death.Conclusions The clinical features of nested variant of urothelial carcinoma special.However,the pathology of nested variant of bladder urothelial carcinoma has a unique nested structure.At present,TURBT and radical cystectomy are still the main treatment modalities for nested variant of bladder urothelial carcinoma,and the prognosis of which is poor.
ABSTRACT
Premature white matter injury (WMI) is the immature white matter injury caused by ischemia,hypoxia and inflammation,which will affect normal neurodevelopment process and cause poor neurological outcomes.MRI has been widely used in early diagnosis of WMI because it can reflect the anatomical and pathological changes of WMI in premature infants.Functional MRI,such as diffusion-tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy,can help quantitative assessment of the severity of WMI and neurodevelopment process so as to predict its neurodevelopment prognosis.This review summarizes the progresses in the application of MRI in the quantitative assessment of WMI and brain development in preture infants and its neurological outcomes.